Complete Guide to Digital Asset Planning for Red Boiling Springs Residents
Digital asset planning addresses how online accounts, cryptocurrencies, digital photos, and other electronic property are managed and transferred when someone can no longer control them or has passed away. For residents of Red Boiling Springs, preparing for digital assets is part of a modern estate plan and helps family members avoid uncertainty and delay. This process involves identifying assets, documenting access instructions, and integrating those plans with wills, powers of attorney, and trusts. Taking these steps now makes it easier for loved ones to carry out your wishes and reduces the administrative burden during an already difficult time.
Digital asset planning also protects privacy and helps prevent loss of value that can occur when accounts are inaccessible or forgotten. Planning includes naming who may access accounts, how passwords and digital keys are stored, and directions for preserving or deleting content. In Tennessee, state laws and platform policies both affect how digital assets are handled, so combining technical safeguards with clear legal authorization ensures a smoother transfer. A thoughtful digital plan complements traditional estate documents, giving Red Boiling Springs families clearer instructions and greater peace of mind about online affairs.
Why Digital Asset Planning Matters for Your Family and Estate
Digital assets increasingly represent significant personal and financial value, and without a plan they can be difficult for heirs to locate or access. A comprehensive approach identifies accounts and files, provides lawful access to authorized individuals, and preserves monetary assets like cryptocurrency or domain names. It also protects sentimental items such as family photo libraries and message histories. By documenting instructions and integrating them into your estate plan, you reduce stress for family members and limit the potential for disputes. Proper planning helps ensure that your digital legacy is handled according to your priorities and in line with applicable legal processes.
About Jay Johnson Law Firm and Our Approach to Digital Asset Planning
Jay Johnson Law Firm serves clients across Tennessee from Hendersonville and works with individuals and families who need practical estate planning solutions, including digital asset planning. Our approach emphasizes clear communication and step-by-step guidance so clients understand how online accounts and digital property fit into their overall plan. We help clients inventory digital assets, prepare documents that grant access when lawful, and coordinate those instructions with wills, powers of attorney, and trusts. We strive to make the process straightforward for residents of Red Boiling Springs and nearby communities while respecting privacy and legal boundaries.
Understanding Digital Asset Planning and How It Works
Digital asset planning combines practical recordkeeping with legal authorization to ensure online accounts and electronic property are managed according to your wishes. It typically begins with creating an inventory of accounts, noting access credentials and how each account should be handled. Legal documents such as a durable power of attorney or specific digital access provisions can grant a trusted person the authority to manage or close accounts when necessary. This planning also considers provider terms of service and applicable Tennessee law so directions are realistic and enforceable, reducing friction for those who must act on your behalf.
Effective planning recognizes the variety of digital property types, from social media and photo libraries to online financial accounts and cryptocurrency wallets. Some assets require direct access through passwords, while others may be governed by platform policies that limit transferability. A practical plan balances secure storage of credentials with clear legal permission for agents or fiduciaries, and provides instructions about retention, deletion, or transfer. For many families in Red Boiling Springs, these measures prevent lost accounts and help preserve value and memories without exposing sensitive information unnecessarily.
What Counts as a Digital Asset and Key Legal Considerations
Digital assets include any electronically stored information that has personal or monetary value, such as email accounts, cloud storage, photographs, social media profiles, domain names, and cryptocurrencies. Each type of asset may require different handling: for instance, some accounts can be transferred or memorialized, while others must be closed. Important legal considerations include who legally controls access, how platform terms interact with state law, and whether authority is granted through a power of attorney or trust. Clear documentation reduces ambiguity and helps authorized persons follow your intentions with less delay.
Core Elements of an Effective Digital Asset Plan
A reliable digital asset plan typically includes an inventory of accounts and a secure method for storing access information, along with legal directives that name who may manage those assets. It may also include instructions about preserving certain files, transferring ownership, or permanently deleting accounts. The process involves reviewing platform policies, aligning instructions with existing estate documents, and updating records as accounts change. Periodic reviews ensure the plan remains current and that appointed agents retain the authority needed to carry out your wishes across various online services.
Key Terms and Glossary for Digital Asset Planning
Familiarity with common terms helps clients make informed choices about digital asset planning. Understanding definitions like fiduciary, durable power of attorney, account custodial policies, and access credentials clarifies who can act and how. This glossary explains those concepts in plain language and highlights how they apply in Tennessee, which assists Red Boiling Springs residents when deciding on document language and storage methods. Having these clear definitions available reduces confusion and supports consistent application of your instructions across different online services.
Durable Power of Attorney
A durable power of attorney is a legal document that allows you to appoint a person to make decisions and take actions on your behalf if you are unable to do so. In the context of digital assets, it can grant authority to manage online accounts, access necessary information, and perform transactions permitted by the document. The word durable means the authority continues even if you become incapacitated. Proper drafting is important so the document specifically addresses access to electronic records and aligns with platform policies and Tennessee law, which can affect enforcement and scope.
Digital Asset Inventory
A digital asset inventory is a systematic record of online accounts and electronic property, including usernames, passwords or locations of password managers, and instructions for handling each asset. It is not always advisable to store passwords in plain text, so the inventory should describe where credentials are kept and who has authorized access. Regularly updating the inventory as accounts change helps ensure it remains useful. The inventory acts as a roadmap for appointed agents or family members when they need to find and manage assets according to your directions.
Account Custodial Policies
Account custodial policies refer to the terms of service and procedures set by online platforms that govern how accounts are handled after a user becomes inactive or dies. These policies determine what family members or appointed representatives may do, such as requesting account access, memorializing a profile, or obtaining data. Since platform rules vary, a digital plan must consider those policies and include appropriate authorizations and documentation to meet provider requirements. Understanding these policies helps minimize surprises and ensures instructions are consistent with each service’s rules.
Cryptocurrency and Digital Wallets
Cryptocurrency and digital wallets store value in a decentralized, digital form and often rely on private keys or seed phrases for access. Unlike traditional accounts, there is no central provider to reset access, so careful handling of keys and clear transfer instructions are essential. A digital asset plan should indicate how keys are stored, who may access them, and whether assets are to be transferred, sold, or held. Secure storage combined with lawful authorization in estate documents helps ensure these assets can be managed in line with your intentions.
Comparing Limited Approaches and Comprehensive Digital Asset Planning
When planning for digital assets, some choose a limited approach that lists accounts and access instructions without changing broader estate documents, while others adopt a comprehensive solution integrating account access into powers of attorney, trusts, and wills. A limited strategy may be quicker and cost less, but it can leave gaps if provider policies or legal requirements change. A comprehensive plan aligns legal authority with practical steps, helping authorized persons act efficiently. Deciding between approaches depends on the types of assets you own, how accessible they are, and how much protection you want for your digital legacy.
When a Simple Digital Inventory May Be Enough:
Fewer and Low-Value Accounts
A limited approach can be appropriate when your online presence is modest and accounts do not hold significant financial value. If you have a small number of accounts that are easy to identify and do not require complex legal transfer, maintaining an up-to-date inventory with secure storage of access directions can be practical. This method focuses on documentation and clear instructions for family, which may be sufficient for straightforward circumstances and reduces the need for immediate changes to core estate documents while still providing basic guidance.
Clear Provider Policies and Simple Access
When platform policies clearly allow account management by family members with minimal documentation, a limited plan augmented by clear instructions may be adequate. If accounts are tied to providers that offer straightforward processes for data retrieval or memorialization, the administrative burden on heirs can be low. In such cases an inventory combined with instructions about whom to contact and what documents to present may provide a reliable path for closing or preserving accounts without the expense of an extensive legal overhaul.
When a Thorough, Integrated Legal Plan Is Preferable:
Complex or High-Value Digital Assets
A comprehensive digital asset plan is often warranted when accounts hold significant financial value or are entangled with business operations, domain ownership, or cryptocurrency holdings. In these situations, legal authorization that clearly grants fiduciaries the power to access, transfer, or liquidate assets can prevent loss and facilitate continuity. Integrating digital provisions into powers of attorney, trusts, and wills reduces the chance of disputes and aligns technical access with legal authority, making it more likely that assets are managed in accordance with your wishes.
Privacy Concerns and Sensitive Information
When accounts contain sensitive personal information, personal communications, or material that should be carefully preserved or removed, a comprehensive plan provides specific instructions and legal backing for how such content should be handled. This includes directions for who may see private messages, how to handle photographs and personal records, and whether to preserve or delete digital footprints. Clear, legally supported instructions help protect privacy, reduce conflict, and ensure that sensitive information is treated in a manner consistent with your preferences.
Benefits of Building a Complete Digital Asset Plan
A comprehensive approach brings legal authority, practical instructions, and secure recordkeeping together so that authorized individuals can act with confidence. It minimizes delays by aligning document language with digital realities, and it lowers the risk of losing access to valuable assets. Integrating digital provisions with your estate plan also clarifies decision-making responsibilities and can reduce the emotional burden on family members by providing clear, written directions that reflect your priorities for preservation, transfer, or deletion of online belongings.
Having a complete plan also supports continuity for business-related assets and reduces the chance of disputes by outlining authority and procedures in advance. It helps ensure that sensitive data is handled appropriately and that assets with financial value are preserved or transferred efficiently. By preparing a unified plan that considers both legal and technical requirements, Red Boiling Springs residents can leave instructions that are realistic, enforceable, and aligned with the current landscape of platform policies and Tennessee law.
Streamlined Access and Reduced Administrative Burden
When legal authorization and practical records are combined, the process of accessing and managing digital accounts becomes more straightforward for appointed agents. This streamlining reduces delays and administrative work for families who might otherwise need to gather multiple documents or navigate complex provider procedures. Clear instructions and properly drafted documents help ensure that actions taken by agents are respected and that accounts are handled in a manner consistent with your goals, whether that means transferring assets, preserving memories, or closing accounts.
Protection of Value and Personal Records
A complete plan helps protect financial and sentimental value by ensuring assets are not left inaccessible or inadvertently deleted. For items like domain names, online businesses, or digital currencies, losing access can mean permanent loss. For personal items such as photos and messages, clear directions help preserve family history. The combination of secure recordkeeping and legal authority provides a framework for preserving value while offering your trusted contacts the documentation needed to act responsibly and lawfully on your behalf.
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Practical Tips for Managing Your Digital Legacy
Create and maintain a secure inventory
Begin by compiling a secure inventory of online accounts and digital property, noting providers, account types, and where access information is kept. Avoid storing raw passwords in easily accessible files; instead, describe the location of a password manager or other secure storage. Update the inventory periodically when accounts are added or removed, and review it after major life events. Having a current record saves time for those who must act on your behalf and reduces the risk that important accounts will be overlooked or lost.
Integrate access instructions into legal documents
Review provider policies and update plans accordingly
Platform policies and state laws can change, so periodically review provider terms of service and any relevant legal updates to make sure your instructions remain effective. Some platforms require specific documentation or forms to permit account access, while others limit what can be transferred. Checking these rules and updating your inventory and legal authorizations accordingly helps prevent surprises and ensures that your appointed contacts have the documentation they need to follow your wishes with the fewest obstacles.
Reasons to Add Digital Asset Planning to Your Estate Plan
Digital asset planning reduces uncertainty for the people you leave behind by clarifying who can access important accounts and how those accounts should be handled. It addresses the variety of online property you may own and aligns instructions with legal documents so appointed individuals can act when necessary. This planning also helps you preserve privacy and avoid loss of financial value by providing clear directions for transferring, closing, or preserving accounts. For many families, these steps prevent delays and emotional strain during an already difficult time.
Including digital planning in your estate approach also protects items of sentimental and historic value, such as family photographs and personal messages, by specifying whether they should be preserved or permanently deleted. It provides guidance for business-related accounts or domain names that may need continuous management. By anticipating how different providers handle accounts and documenting practical and legal measures, you reduce the burden on loved ones and improve the likelihood that your wishes for digital property will be carried out as intended.
Common Situations That Call for Digital Asset Planning
Circumstances that often make digital planning important include owning online businesses, cryptocurrency, or domain names, having extensive photo or email archives, or relying on subscription services for essential records. Major life events like marriage, divorce, relocation, or retirement also warrant a review of digital instructions. If you anticipate family members needing access to important documents or account information, documenting those details and providing lawful authority reduces the chance of complications and ensures transitions are handled smoothly and professionally within the bounds of applicable policies.
Ownership of Digital Currency or Online Businesses
When you hold cryptocurrency or operate an online business, losing access to private keys or account credentials can mean permanent loss of assets or disruption of business operations. A digital asset plan should specify how keys are stored, who can access wallets, and whether assets are to be sold, transferred, or retained. Clear instructions combined with appropriate legal authority protect value and help ensure continuity. Planning ahead reduces the likelihood of administrative hurdles and supports continuity for family members or business partners who may need to act.
Extensive Personal Archives and Sentimental Content
Many people maintain large collections of photos, videos, and personal messages online that have significant sentimental value. Without guidance, these items may be inaccessible or deleted following platform policies. A plan that describes preservation preferences and grants lawful access to trusted individuals helps ensure treasured memories are maintained for loved ones. Providing clear directions for archiving or transferring content prevents unintentional loss and gives family members a defined path for handling personal records according to your wishes.
Multiple Account Holders and Shared Services
Shared accounts or services accessed by multiple family members or business partners can create confusion about who has authority to make decisions. When accounts are jointly controlled, it is important to clarify management protocols and designate who will take responsibility if one person becomes incapacitated or passes away. A comprehensive plan addresses shared access, identifies backup contacts, and outlines procedures for continuity. This reduces the risk of disputes and ensures necessary actions can be taken without undue delay.
Local Guidance for Digital Asset Planning in Red Boiling Springs
Jay Johnson Law Firm offers guidance tailored to Tennessee residents who want to include digital asset planning in their estate documents. We focus on practical solutions that help families create inventories, align legal authorizations, and prepare instructions that respect privacy and platform requirements. Whether you live in Red Boiling Springs or elsewhere in the region, we provide clear information about next steps and help integrate digital provisions into powers of attorney, wills, and trusts so your online affairs are managed according to your preferences.
Why Choose Jay Johnson Law Firm for Digital Asset Planning
Jay Johnson Law Firm emphasizes plain-language guidance and practical planning steps so clients understand how digital assets fit into their estate plans. We assist with identifying relevant accounts, drafting appropriate legal authorizations, and coordinating instructions with existing documents. Our goal is to provide Red Boiling Springs residents with reliable, understandable planning that reduces stress for loved ones and helps ensure digital property is handled in line with individual wishes and applicable law.
We take time to review platform policies and recommend storage practices that protect credentials without compromising access for authorized persons. By combining secure recordkeeping with properly drafted legal provisions, we help clients navigate the interplay between provider rules and Tennessee law. The result is a plan that is practical to implement and easier for appointed agents to use when action is required, improving the chances assets and memories are preserved according to your intentions.
Communication and periodic review are part of our service so that plans remain current as accounts change. We provide clients with guidance about safe storage of access information, discuss options for handling different types of assets, and help integrate digital directions into powers of attorney and trusts. This approach helps families in Red Boiling Springs make informed decisions and leave a clear, practical roadmap for managing online affairs when the time comes.
Start Your Digital Asset Plan with a Clear Next Step
Our Process for Digital Asset Planning
Our process begins with an intake to identify the online accounts and digital property you own, followed by a review of existing estate documents to determine where digital provisions should be integrated. We prepare recommended language for powers of attorney, trusts, or wills, and provide advice about secure recordkeeping and provider forms. Finally, we review the plan with you to ensure it reflects your preferences and recommend a schedule for periodic updates so the plan remains effective as accounts and laws evolve.
Step One: Inventory and Prioritization
The first step is compiling an inventory of your digital assets and prioritizing them based on access requirements and value. This includes listing account types, providers, and the location of access credentials or password manager details. We discuss which assets require immediate legal authority, which can be handled through practical instructions, and any provider-specific forms that might be necessary. Prioritizing assets creates a manageable plan and clarifies where legal provisions will have the greatest impact.
Identifying Types of Digital Property
We work with you to identify varying classes of digital property, from email and social media to cloud storage, domain names, and cryptocurrency wallets. Each category can present different access and transfer challenges. By cataloging these assets and noting provider rules and security mechanisms, we create a tailored approach for each item. This targeted review informs the drafting of legal documents and practical measures so that decisions reflect the nature of each asset.
Determining Access and Storage Methods
Once accounts are identified, we help determine secure storage methods for access information and outline who will be authorized to retrieve credentials. This may involve recommending a password manager, secure physical storage for seed phrases, or instructions for securely sharing access with fiduciaries. Clear procedures reduce the risk of unauthorized access while ensuring trusted individuals can act when needed, balancing security with practicality for the authorized parties.
Step Two: Drafting Legal Authorizations
After inventory and storage considerations, we prepare appropriate legal language for powers of attorney, trusts, and related documents to grant lawful authority to manage digital assets. Drafting focuses on clarity and compatibility with Tennessee law while addressing platform requirements. We tailor documents to the client’s wishes about preservation, transfer, or deletion, and ensure the scope of authority matches the intended role of the appointed individual or fiduciary in handling digital property.
Powers of Attorney and Digital Access
Durable powers of attorney can include provisions that expressly allow an agent to access electronic communications and accounts, subject to limits you set. Proper drafting helps ensure that the agent’s authority is recognized by providers and that actions taken are within your direction. We recommend clear, specific language that communicates the agent’s responsibilities and any restrictions, improving the chances that necessary steps to manage or preserve assets can be completed without unnecessary hurdles.
Trusts and Long-Term Management
In some cases, placing digital assets into a trust or including digital provisions within a trust document provides continuity and clearer management for longer-term needs. Trust provisions can name trustees to hold and transfer digital property under specified terms, which can simplify administration for assets that should remain available to beneficiaries or be managed as part of ongoing business interests. We advise on whether trust-related strategies suit your goals and help draft appropriate clauses.
Step Three: Implementation and Ongoing Review
Implementation involves finalizing documents, advising on secure storage and distribution of inventory information, and providing the necessary documentation for providers as needed. After the plan is in place, we recommend periodic reviews, especially when new accounts are created or laws change, to ensure directives remain effective. Ongoing maintenance preserves the utility of the plan and ensures that appointed agents retain the authority they need to act in accordance with your wishes.
Document Execution and Recordkeeping
Executing documents properly and storing records in a secure but accessible manner is critical to effectiveness. We guide clients through signing and notarization steps and advise on where to keep inventories and key documentation so trusted individuals can find them when necessary. Clear recordkeeping practices reduce delays and provide a reliable trail that appointed agents can follow to carry out instructions efficiently and with less stress for family members.
Scheduled Updates and Client Support
We encourage scheduled reviews of your digital asset plan to account for new accounts, changing provider rules, and life events that affect your wishes. Periodic updates ensure instructions remain aligned with reality and that designated agents retain appropriate authority. We remain available to answer questions as needs evolve and to help revise documents so your plan continues to reflect your intentions and adapts to the changing digital environment.
Frequently Asked Questions About Digital Asset Planning
What is a digital asset and should it be included in my estate plan?
A digital asset is any electronically stored information that has personal or monetary value, including email accounts, cloud storage, photographs, social media profiles, domain names, and cryptocurrencies. These items can be important to include in an estate plan because they often cannot be accessed without passwords or specific legal authority. Identifying which accounts are important, where credentials are stored, and whether any assets have financial value helps determine how each should be addressed in a plan.Including digital assets in your estate plan reduces the burden on loved ones by providing instructions and legal authority for handling accounts. Proper planning can prevent accounts from being locked or deleted unintentionally and helps ensure sentimental items and financial holdings are preserved or transferred according to your wishes. Combining an inventory with appropriate legal documents increases the likelihood that your directions will be followed.
How can I safely store access information for online accounts?
Safely storing access information begins with deciding on a secure method that balances accessibility for trusted parties with protection from unauthorized use. Many people use a reputable password manager to store usernames, passwords, and access notes in an encrypted environment. Another option is secure physical storage for critical information, such as a sealed document in a safe deposit box, with clear instructions to trusted individuals about how to retrieve it.Regardless of the method chosen, it is essential to document where credentials are stored and include authorization in legal documents so appointed agents can access the information lawfully. Avoid keeping passwords in easily accessible files without protection, and review storage choices periodically to make sure the method remains secure and usable for those who may need access.
Can someone else access my social media or email after I pass away?
Whether someone else can access your social media or email after you pass away depends on the service provider’s policies and any legal authorizations you have in place. Some platforms offer forms to request access or memorialize accounts, while others restrict transfer. Without proper authorization or documentation, family members may face delays or denials in obtaining account information.To improve the chances of access, include digital provisions in a power of attorney or related estate documents and keep a clear inventory of accounts and where credentials are stored. Providing legal authorization and practical instructions can help family members work with providers to retrieve necessary information or manage accounts in accordance with your preferences.
Do powers of attorney cover digital accounts in Tennessee?
In Tennessee, a durable power of attorney can include language that grants an agent authority to manage electronic communications and online accounts, but effectiveness depends on how the document is drafted and whether it aligns with platform requirements. Specific, clear language about digital access increases the likelihood that providers will recognize the agent’s authority if access is requested. It is important to ensure the scope of authority is written so that it meets both legal standards and practical needs.Because provider policies differ, combining a durable power of attorney with a practical inventory and guidance about where credentials are stored makes it easier for agents to comply with provider procedures. Consulting with legal counsel helps craft language that is appropriate for your situation and consistent with Tennessee law and provider expectations.
What should I do about cryptocurrency and private keys?
Cryptocurrency and private keys present unique considerations because access depends on possession of private keys or seed phrases rather than a central provider to reset credentials. If keys are lost, the assets may become irretrievable. To address this, document where keys are stored and whether they should be transferred, sold, or retained. Secure physical storage, such as a safe or a trusted custodian, combined with clear instructions, helps preserve access for authorized individuals.It is also important to include lawful authorization in your estate planning documents so appointed persons can manage or transfer cryptocurrency in accordance with your wishes. Because of the irreversible nature of many transactions, careful planning and secure handling of keys reduce the risk of permanent loss and provide a clear path for those charged with managing these assets.
How often should I update my digital asset inventory?
Updating your digital asset inventory regularly ensures that it remains accurate and useful for those who may need to act on your behalf. Many professionals recommend reviewing the inventory annually or after major life events such as changes in marital status, relocation, job changes, or the creation of new online accounts. Regular updates help prevent confusion and reduce the chance that important accounts will be missed during administration.In addition to updating the inventory, review related legal documents periodically to confirm that appointed agents still reflect your wishes and that authorization language remains appropriate. This ongoing maintenance keeps your plan aligned with the evolving digital landscape and provides greater certainty for your family and appointed contacts.
Will platform terms of service control what my family can do?
Platform terms of service can significantly influence what family members can do with an account, since each provider has its own rules about access, data retrieval, and transfer. Some platforms permit family requests for data or offer memorialization options; others restrict access and require court orders or specific documentation. Understanding these policies helps you plan realistic steps for handling each account and determine whether additional legal documentation is needed.Because provider rules can change, including digital provisions in your estate plan and keeping an inventory of provider-specific instructions will help ensure that appointed agents have the documentation they need to follow the provider’s required procedures. Consulting with counsel helps identify which accounts need special attention based on terms of service.
Should I include instructions about deleting certain accounts or content?
Including instructions about deleting accounts or content is appropriate when you have strong preferences about privacy and the disposition of personal records. You can specify which accounts should be closed, which content preserved, and whether certain files should be permanently deleted. Clear written directions reduce ambiguity and provide family members with a defined path for handling sensitive material in a way that aligns with your wishes.Make sure deletion instructions are realistic given provider policies and legal considerations. For some accounts, deletion may require specific provider actions, and for others, preservation may be feasible. Including both practical steps and legal authorization helps ensure that your preferences are respected and implemented properly.
Can digital assets be transferred to heirs?
Digital assets can often be transferred to heirs, but transferability varies by asset type and provider. Tangible digital property like domain names or certain business accounts may be transferable when proper documentation is provided, while access to other accounts may be restricted. For decentralized assets like cryptocurrency, transferability depends on access to keys and clear instructions for moving funds to an heir’s account or a designated custodian.To increase the likelihood of successful transfer, document ownership, storage of access credentials, and provide appropriate legal authority through powers of attorney or trust documents. Tailoring instructions to each asset type and understanding provider policies improves the chances that heirs will be able to manage or inherit digital property as intended.
How do I start creating a digital asset plan with Jay Johnson Law Firm?
To start creating a digital asset plan with Jay Johnson Law Firm, schedule a consultation to review your current estate documents and inventory any online accounts and digital property you hold. During the initial meeting we will discuss your goals for preservation, transfer, or deletion of digital items, and determine which legal provisions are needed to give appointed agents the ability to act when required. We will also advise on secure recordkeeping practices for access information.Following the intake, we draft recommended language for inclusion in powers of attorney, trusts, or other estate documents, and provide guidance on practical implementation and provider-specific steps. We also recommend a review schedule so the plan remains current as accounts and laws change.